Theory of Machines
AI25302 3rd Semester AGRI Dept | 2025 Regulation
2025 regulation - 3rd semester for Agriculture Engineering Department. Subject Code: AI25302, Subject Name: Theory of Machines, Batch: 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028. Department: Agriculture Engineering Department. Institute: Anna University Affiliated Engineering College, TamilNadu. This page has Theory of Machines (AI25302) study material, notes, semester question paper pdf download, important questions, lecture notes.
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Theory of Machines
- Kinematics of Mechanisms
- Branches of mechanics of machines
- fundamental concepts
- Mechanisms and Machines: Basic Concepts
- kinematic link (or element)
- Structure
- constrained motions
- kinematic pair
- kinematic chain
- Types of joints in a chain
- mechanism
- Degrees of freedom (or mobility) of a mechanism
- Inversion of mechanisms
- four-bar chain (or quadratic cycle chain)
- Grashof's law
- inversions of four-bar chain
- single slider-crank chain
- inversions of single slider-crank chain
- double slider-crank chain
- inversions of double slider-crank chain
- Review and summary
- Review Questions
- Velocity and Acceleration in Mechanisms
- methods of kinematic analysis
- velocity analysis by relative velocity method
- motion of a link
- velocity analysis procedure by relative velocity method
- velocities in four-bar chain
- velocities in slider-crank mechanism
- Rubbing velocity at a pin joint
- Acceleration of a rigid link
- Acceleration analysis procedure by relative acceleration method
- Acceleration in four-bar mechanism
- Acceleration in slider-crank mechanism
- coincident points
- coriolis component of acceleration
- velocity analysis by instantaneous centre method
- location of instantaneous centres by visual inspection
- Types of instantaneous centres
- Aronhold kennedy's theorem of three centres
- steps to locate instantaneous centres
- velocity analysis procedure by instantaneous centre method
- Analytical method for velocity and acceleration of slider-crank mechanism
- analytical method for velocity and acceleration of slider- crank mechanism
- Review and summary
- Review Questions
- problems for practice
- Kinematics of Cam
- classification of cams and followers
- radial cam nomenclature
- displacement diagram for a cam
- Types of follower motion
- follower motion with uniform velocity (or uniform motion)
- follower motion with simple harmonic motion
- follower motion with uniform acceleration and retardation (parabolic motion)
- cycloidal follower motion
- Formulae summary
- synthesis of cam profile
- cam with specified contours
- tangent cam with reciprocating roller follower
- circular arc cam with flat-faced follower
- review and summary
- Review Questions
- problems for practice
- Gears and Gear Trains
- Classification of Gears
- Terminology used in gears (spur gear nomenclature)
- Gear Materials
- Gear Manufacturing
- gear tooth failure
- law of gearing (conditions of correct gearing)
- conjugate profiles
- standard interchangeable tooth profiles (systems of gear teeth)
- effect of pressure angle
- length of path of contact
- length of arc of contact
- contact ratio
- Formulae summary
- interference and undercutting in involute gears
- minimum number of teeth to avoid interference
- non-standard gears
- review and summary
- Review Questions
- problems for practice
- Gear Trains
- Types of Gear Trains
- simple gear train
- compound gear Train
- Reverted gear train
- epicyclic (or planetary) gear train
- Velocity ratio for epicyclic gear train
- Torques and tooth loads in epicyclic gear trains
- Review and summary
- Review Questions
- Problems for practice
- Friction
- Types of Friction
- Equilibrium of a body on a horizontal plane
- Equilibrium of a body on an inclined plane
- Efficiency of inclined plane
- friction of screw and nut
- Mechanical efficiency of screw with a nut
- screw jack
- Friction of a v-thread
- friction in turning pairs – friction circle
- pivot and collar friction
- flat pivot bearing (or foot step bearing)
- conical pivot bearing
- flat collar bearing (or thrust bearing)
- multiple collar bearing
- Trapezoidal or truncated conical pivot bearing
- Review and Summary
- Review Questions
- Problems for Practice
- Clutches
- single plate (or disc) clutch
- multiplat- or multiple disc clutch
- cone clutch
- Centrifugal clutch
- review and summary
- Review Questions
- Problems for Practice
- Belt and Rope Drives
- Types of belts
- belt materials
- Types of belt drives
- velocity ratio of belt drive
- effect of slip on velocity ratio
- phenomenon of creep in belts
- velocity ratio of compound belt drive
- Length of belt
- belt tensions
- power transmitted by a belt
- centreugal tension in belt
- condition for maximum power transmission
- Initial tension in belt
- V-belt. Drive
- Rope drive
- Review and summary
- Review Questions
- problems for practice
- Brakes
- block or shoe brakes
- band brake
- band and block brake
- internal expanding shoe brake
- braking of a vehicle
- Review and summary
- Review Questions
- Problems for Practice
- Force Analysis
- static force analysis
- static equilibrium of various members
- Applied and constraint forces
- Free body diagram
- static force analysis of simple planar mechanisms
- Review and summary
- Review Questions
- problems for practice
- Dynamic Force Analysis
- Dynamic analysis of reciprocating engines
- Analytical method
- forces on the reciprocating parts of an engine, neglecting the weight of the connecting rod
- dynamically equivalent systems (equimomental system)
- correction couple
- inertia force analysis in a reciprocating engine, considering the weight of connecting rod
- Review and summary
- Review questions
- Problems for Practice
- Balancing and Vibration
- Balancing of single rotating mass
- Balancing of several masses rotating in the same plane (balancing of several coplanar rotating masses)
- static vs dynamic balancing
- balancing of several masses rotating in different planes [dalby's method]
- Review and summary
- Review Questions
- problems for practice
- Balancing of Reciprocating Masses
- balancing of single cylinder reciprocating engine [partial balancing of primary unbalanced force in a reciprocating engine
- partial balancing of locomotive engine [balancing of two cylinder engines]
- effect of partial balancing of locomotives
- partial balancing of coupled locomotives
- Balancing of multi-cylinder in-line engines
- Balancing of radial engines
- Balancing of v-engines
- Balancing machines
- Review and summary
- Review Questions
- problems for practice
- Free Vibrations
- free longitudinal vibrations undamped free longitudinal vibrations
- determination of equivalent spring stiffness [springs in series and in parallel]
- Damped free longitudinal vibrations
- frequency of free damped vibrations [free vibrations with viscous damping]
- logarithmic decrement (δ)
- Free transverse vibrations
- values of static deflection (8) and natural frequency of free transverse vibrations (fn) for various types of beams under various load conditions
- natural frequency of free transverse vibrations for a shaft carrying several loads
- whirling or critical speed of shafts
- Free torsional vibrations
- natural frequency of free torsional vibrations
- Torsionally equivalent shaft
- Free torsional vibrations of a single rotor system
- Free torsional vibrations of a two rotor system
- Free torsional vibrations of a three rotor system
- Free torsional vibrations of a geared system
- Free torsional vibration of a geared system when considering the inertia of the gearing
- Review and summary
- Review Questions
- problems for practice
- Forced Vibrations
- Forced vibrations with constant harmonic excitation [harmonic forcing]
- Response to periodic forcing
- Forcing caused by unbalance [forced vibrations with rotating and reciprocating unbalance]
- vibration isolation
- Transmissibility
- Review and summary
- Review Questions
- problems for practice
- Two Marks Questions and Answers
- chapter 2: velocity and acceleration in mechanisms
- chapter 3: kinematics of cam
- chapter 4: toothed gearing
- chapter 5: gear train
- chapter 6: friction
- chapter 8: belt and rope drives
- chapter 9: brakes
- chapter-10: static force analysis
- chapter-11: dynamic force analysis
- chapter-12: balancing of rotating masses
- chapter-13: balancing of reciprocating masses
- chapter – 14: free vibrations
- chapter-15: forced vibrations
PDF Download Links
Theory of Machines
Unit I: Kinematics of Mechanisms
- Kinematics of Mechanisms
- Branches of mechanics of machines
- fundamental concepts
- Mechanisms and Machines: Basic Concepts
- kinematic link (or element)
- Structure
- constrained motions
- kinematic pair
- kinematic chain
- Types of joints in a chain
- mechanism
- Degrees of freedom (or mobility) of a mechanism
- Inversion of mechanisms
- four-bar chain (or quadratic cycle chain)
- Grashof's law
- inversions of four-bar chain
- single slider-crank chain
- inversions of single slider-crank chain
- double slider-crank chain
- inversions of double slider-crank chain
- Review and summary
- Review Questions
- Velocity and Acceleration in Mechanisms
- methods of kinematic analysis
- velocity analysis by relative velocity method
- motion of a link
- velocity analysis procedure by relative velocity method
- velocities in four-bar chain
- velocities in slider-crank mechanism
- Rubbing velocity at a pin joint
- Acceleration of a rigid link
- Acceleration analysis procedure by relative acceleration method
- Acceleration in four-bar mechanism
- Acceleration in slider-crank mechanism
- coincident points
- coriolis component of acceleration
- velocity analysis by instantaneous centre method
- location of instantaneous centres by visual inspection
- Types of instantaneous centres
- Aronhold kennedy's theorem of three centres
- steps to locate instantaneous centres
- velocity analysis procedure by instantaneous centre method
- Analytical method for velocity and acceleration of slider-crank mechanism
- analytical method for velocity and acceleration of slider- crank mechanism
- Review and summary
- Review Questions
- problems for practice
- Kinematics of Cam
- classification of cams and followers
- radial cam nomenclature
- displacement diagram for a cam
- Types of follower motion
- follower motion with uniform velocity (or uniform motion)
- follower motion with simple harmonic motion
- follower motion with uniform acceleration and retardation (parabolic motion)
- cycloidal follower motion
- Formulae summary
- synthesis of cam profile
- cam with specified contours
- tangent cam with reciprocating roller follower
- circular arc cam with flat-faced follower
- review and summary
- Review Questions
- problems for practice
Unit II: Gears and Gear Trains
- Gears and Gear Trains
- Classification of Gears
- Terminology used in gears (spur gear nomenclature)
- Gear Materials
- Gear Manufacturing
- gear tooth failure
- law of gearing (conditions of correct gearing)
- conjugate profiles
- standard interchangeable tooth profiles (systems of gear teeth)
- effect of pressure angle
- length of path of contact
- length of arc of contact
- contact ratio
- Formulae summary
- interference and undercutting in involute gears
- minimum number of teeth to avoid interference
- non-standard gears
- review and summary
- Review Questions
- problems for practice
- Gear Trains
- Types of Gear Trains
- simple gear train
- compound gear Train
- Reverted gear train
- epicyclic (or planetary) gear train
- Velocity ratio for epicyclic gear train
- Torques and tooth loads in epicyclic gear trains
- Review and summary
- Review Questions
- Problems for practice
Unit III: Friction in Machine Elements
- Friction
- Types of Friction
- Equilibrium of a body on a horizontal plane
- Equilibrium of a body on an inclined plane
- Efficiency of inclined plane
- friction of screw and nut
- Mechanical efficiency of screw with a nut
- screw jack
- Friction of a v-thread
- friction in turning pairs – friction circle
- pivot and collar friction
- flat pivot bearing (or foot step bearing)
- conical pivot bearing
- flat collar bearing (or thrust bearing)
- multiple collar bearing
- Trapezoidal or truncated conical pivot bearing
- Review and Summary
- Review Questions
- Problems for Practice
- Clutches
- single plate (or disc) clutch
- multiplat- or multiple disc clutch
- cone clutch
- Centrifugal clutch
- review and summary
- Review Questions
- Problems for Practice
- Belt and Rope Drives
- Types of belts
- belt materials
- Types of belt drives
- velocity ratio of belt drive
- effect of slip on velocity ratio
- phenomenon of creep in belts
- velocity ratio of compound belt drive
- Length of belt
- belt tensions
- power transmitted by a belt
- centreugal tension in belt
- condition for maximum power transmission
- Initial tension in belt
- V-belt. Drive
- Rope drive
- Review and summary
- Review Questions
- problems for practice
- Brakes
- block or shoe brakes
- band brake
- band and block brake
- internal expanding shoe brake
- braking of a vehicle
- Review and summary
- Review Questions
- Problems for Practice
Unit IV: Force Analysis
- Force Analysis
- static force analysis
- static equilibrium of various members
- Applied and constraint forces
- Free body diagram
- static force analysis of simple planar mechanisms
- Review and summary
- Review Questions
- problems for practice
- Dynamic Force Analysis
- Dynamic analysis of reciprocating engines
- Analytical method
- forces on the reciprocating parts of an engine, neglecting the weight of the connecting rod
- dynamically equivalent systems (equimomental system)
- correction couple
- inertia force analysis in a reciprocating engine, considering the weight of connecting rod
- Review and summary
- Review questions
- Problems for Practice
Unit V: Balancing and Vibration
- Balancing and Vibration
- Balancing of single rotating mass
- Balancing of several masses rotating in the same plane (balancing of several coplanar rotating masses)
- static vs dynamic balancing
- balancing of several masses rotating in different planes [dalby's method]
- Review and summary
- Review Questions
- problems for practice
- Balancing of Reciprocating Masses
- balancing of single cylinder reciprocating engine [partial balancing of primary unbalanced force in a reciprocating engine
- partial balancing of locomotive engine [balancing of two cylinder engines]
- effect of partial balancing of locomotives
- partial balancing of coupled locomotives
- Balancing of multi-cylinder in-line engines
- Balancing of radial engines
- Balancing of v-engines
- Balancing machines
- Review and summary
- Review Questions
- problems for practice
- Free Vibrations
- free longitudinal vibrations undamped free longitudinal vibrations
- determination of equivalent spring stiffness [springs in series and in parallel]
- Damped free longitudinal vibrations
- frequency of free damped vibrations [free vibrations with viscous damping]
- logarithmic decrement (δ)
- Free transverse vibrations
- values of static deflection (8) and natural frequency of free transverse vibrations (fn) for various types of beams under various load conditions
- natural frequency of free transverse vibrations for a shaft carrying several loads
- whirling or critical speed of shafts
- Free torsional vibrations
- natural frequency of free torsional vibrations
- Torsionally equivalent shaft
- Free torsional vibrations of a single rotor system
- Free torsional vibrations of a two rotor system
- Free torsional vibrations of a three rotor system
- Free torsional vibrations of a geared system
- Free torsional vibration of a geared system when considering the inertia of the gearing
- Review and summary
- Review Questions
- problems for practice
- Forced Vibrations
- Forced vibrations with constant harmonic excitation [harmonic forcing]
- Response to periodic forcing
- Forcing caused by unbalance [forced vibrations with rotating and reciprocating unbalance]
- vibration isolation
- Transmissibility
- Review and summary
- Review Questions
- problems for practice
- Two Marks Questions and Answers
- chapter 2: velocity and acceleration in mechanisms
- chapter 3: kinematics of cam
- chapter 4: toothed gearing
- chapter 5: gear train
- chapter 6: friction
- chapter 8: belt and rope drives
- chapter 9: brakes
- chapter-10: static force analysis
- chapter-11: dynamic force analysis
- chapter-12: balancing of rotating masses
- chapter-13: balancing of reciprocating masses
- chapter – 14: free vibrations
- chapter-15: forced vibrations
PDF Download Links
AI25302:
Theory of Machines
Course
Objective:
To
impart knowledge on kinematics and dynamics of mechanisms, gears, friction
elements, and vibrations.
Kinematics
of Mechanisms, CAMS: Kinematic pairs, chains,
inversions, and analysis of mechanisms using graphical and analytical methods -
Cam types, follower motion, displacement diagrams, and cam profile design.
Activity:
Poster presentation on application of cams in agricultural machinery.
Gears,
Gear Trains, Power Transmission: Gear geometry, tooth
action, interference, and gear trains including epicyclic systems - Belt, rope,
chain drives, clutches, brakes, and lubrication principles in power
transmission.
Activity:
Flipped class on high-performance polymer gears
Friction,
Force Analysis: Friction in machine elements,
lubrication regimes, and static force analysis using free body diagrams -
Dynamic force analysis with inertia effects and application of D’Alembert’s
principle.
Activity:
Seminar on Use of tribological coatings for friction reduction
Balancing,
Vibration of Machines: Balancing of rotating and
reciprocating masses and balancing machines - Free and forced vibrations,
damping, critical speed, torsional vibrations, and vibration isolation.
Activity:
Quiz on Smart vibration monitoring systems
Weightage:
Continuous Assessment: 40%, End Semester Examinations: 60%
Methodology for
Continuous Assessment: Quiz - 10%, Poster presentation -
15%; Report preparation from Case study – 10%, Seminar report – 15%, Internal Examinations
– 50%
References
1.
Rattan.S. S., Theory of Machines, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi, 2026.
2.
ShigleyJ. E.and Uicker J. J, Theory of Machines and Mechanisms, Oxford
University Press, New York, 2023.
3.
Thomas Bevan, Theory of Machines, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi,
2025.
4.
Khurmi R. S. and Gupta J. K., Theory of Machines, S. Chand & Company Ltd.,
New Delhi, 2026.
5.
Grover G. K., Mechanical Vibrations, Nem Chand & Bros., Roorkee, 2017.
6. IS 2535: Standard for Gear Modules and basic rack profiles (Essential for Gear Geometry).
Theory of Machines: Unit I: Kinematics of Mechanisms,, Theory of Machines: Unit II: Gears and Gear Trains,, Theory of Machines: Unit III: Friction in Machine Elements,, Theory of Machines: Unit IV: Force Analysis,, Theory of Machines: Unit V: Balancing and Vibration 3rd Semester 2025 Regulation : AI25302 3rd Semester AGRI Dept | 2025 Regulation Theory of Machines
