Manufacturing Technology: Two Marks Important Questions and Answers

Tamils and Technology

Unit-III

MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY

Two Marks Important Questions and Answers

1. Who is Commier?

Tamils excelled in shipbuilding and sea voyages since ancient times. The experts in this department were called commiers. Tamils have made the sea a part of their lives. The sea and vessels are commonly used in Tamil literature.

2. What is Odham (Tide)? What are its types?

Knowing Odham (Tide) is one of the vessels steering techniques used by Tamils since the Sangam Period.

Tamils divided Odham (Tide) into two types

i) High Tide

ii) Low Tide

3. Who is Neekan

The person who sails a ship (or) kalam is called neekan, kadalodi, malumi.

4. What is the use of Sukkan in shipping?

"Sukkan" is used as an instrument in ships to turn them.

5. Explain the types of tides.

Tamils divided Tide into two types, 1. High Tide 2. Low Tide

1. Kazhi Tide (High Tide)

During Kazhi tide, the sea water moves towards the shore.

2. Sea Tide (Low Tide)

During the sea tide, the sea water moves towards the ocean.

6. What are the types of vessels?

(i) Catamaran type vessels

(ii) Thoni type results

(iii) Vallam type vessels

7. Explain the nature of ships based on the colour of trees.

(i) If the tree was black, it was assumed that snake was living.

(ii) If it was like a thailam, it was assumed that scorpion was living.

(iii) If many colours were found, it was guessed that frog was living.

(iv) If it was too reddish, it was guessed that lizard was living.

(v) If it was black, it was assumed that harms would happen.

(vi) If it had holes, it was assumed that misfortune would Occur.

(vii) If it was white, it was gussed that it would be good.

8. What are Munthurai and Perunthurai?

(i) Munthurai

Munthurai was a port on the outer side of the estuaries during the Sangam period. Ingurunooru verses of Sangam literature indicate that it refers to the outer part of the estuary.

(ii) Perunthurai

In estuaries, there is less current outside. Hence, the vessels are anchored there and the sails are rolled down. Then, the goods are unloaded. As the current is forceful in the estuary, the sails are rolled up and the vessels reach the inner part of the estuary very fast. This is mentioned in the lines of Purananooru.

9. What is Metallurgy?

Metallurgy is a scientific field that studies the material science, engineering, physical, chemical properties, etc., of metals, intermetallic compounds and alloys.

10. What is beta bronze?

This type of bronze cast at high temperature is called 'beta bronze'. In metallurgy, the 'intermetallic compound' state between the two metals is known as the 'beta state'.

11. What is steel?

The hard material obtained by mixing carbon with iron and melting it in a furnace is called steel.

12. What do you mean by wood's steel?

Wood steel is cast steel made by mixing iron with organic materials (iron + charcoal + glass) and heating it for several hours at a temperature not less than 1400 degrees. This process is called Carbonisation.

13. What is meant by thuruthi? Mention its uses.

Thuruthi is an instrument made of animal skin. When this is pressed by the hand or feet, the air passes into the furnace. This gives the required heat to heat the iron ore placed on top of the furnace.

14. What were the other items made in iron industry?

i) Gold

ii) Egyptian weapons

iii) Copper

iv) Bronze vessels

15. Explain the meaning of Chennakuzhi fire furnace.

Chennakuzhi is a combination of the word 'Chen' which refers to the colour characteristic of red or red fire and 'na' which refers to the flame of fire and place name 'kuzhi'.

16. What is Carbon Sintering?

Carbon Sintering is a technology in which ferrous alloys are heated above their melting point and combined with organic matter (carbon).

17. What are the metals used for making coins?

Kings coined gold, silver, bronze, iron and copper to suit their economic status.

18. Who are Puzhiyar and Kuttuvar?

The Puzhiyars from the Mullai region were the gatherers bus of the raw materials for the beads. This is explained in the Pathirtupathu verse (21:20-23).

Kuttuvars who lived in Kuttanadu on the west coast were engaged in the work of threading the beads. This reference is found in Kurunthogai 163:1-2.

19. What are the shapes of beads?

i) Circular shape

ii) Barrel shape

iii) Biconical shape

iv) Spherical shape

20. What are the types of beads?

i) Sea blue green beads

ii) Garnet

iii) Red stone

iv) Violet stone

v) Gem

vi) Blue stone

vii) Marble stone

viii) Padikkal

21. What are the types of glass beads?

i) Kirobo beads

ii) Agoso beads

iii) Meteyi beads

v) Keta Ausi beads

iv) Adeyun beads

vi) Kifa beads

22. Who are called as Vannakkan?

Vannakkan are bead cutter, bead carver, bead polisher and dyer.

23. What are the uses of Flint Pipe?

The existence of iron smelters is further confirmed by the presence of flint pipes in places where iron waste is found. These pipes might have been used for smelting iron or blowing air through the pipe to keep the fire continuously burning.

24. What are called Coins?

Coins are 'units of exchange' for exchanging goods and services. Money is a medium of exchange and currency is a form of money.

25. What are the images on the coins?

Images of the king and deities are also engraved on the coins. Religious symbols are also found in them. These help to know the arts and religions of that time.

26. Write the names of different types of coins.

(i) Muthirai Kasu (ii) Pandyas Coins (iii) Peruvazhuthi coins (iv) Chola coins (v) Chola coins of the Sangam period (vi) Chera coins of the Sangam period (vii) Malayaman coins  (viii) Punch coins  (ix) Coins of Mauriyas (x) Coins of Indo-Greeks (xi) Kushana type coins (xii) Coins of the Guptas

27. Explain about coins of ancient age.

'Coin' (or) 'Kasu' is mentioned in Sangam literature as 'manikasu', 'ponsei kasu', 'polan kasu'. Coins were used in ornaments and for trade during the Sangam period. It is mentioned in Sangam literature that these 'Kasus' were like neem fruit and gooseberry, small and spherical in shapes.

The kings coined gold, silver, bronze, iron and copper to suit their economic status. Coins found in the Sangam period are in square, oblong and round. Similar to that of today's coin, the coins of Sangam era have two parts namely head and flower.

28. What were the methods of coin making in the Sangam period?

The Sangam period coins were minted manually using hammers from pieces of metals such as gold, silver and copper.

The metals were placed in a die mounted on a solid surface. And where one coin is hammered a second coin is placed on the die and hammered on top of it.

29. What were the methods of coin making in Medieval times?

Medieval coin making was more advanced than Sangam coin making. It used metal pre-shaped circular discs and a screw press. This process produced coins of a more consistent quality than the Sangam coinage process.

30. What are the modern methods of coin making?

Modern coins are minted with hydraulic coin machines. They mechanically load the voids inside them. The machines can stamp 100 to 300 tons of coins in a short period of time.

31. Who are called Kuyinars?

During the Sangam period, the Kuyinars are seen as bead piercers, tailors and bead embroiderers. They are also known as Kuyirtunars in Sangam literature.

32. What are the products made using bone fragments?

(i) Flute

(ii) Axe

(iii) Ringing Beads.

(iv) Garlands

(v) Combs

33. Describe Conch beads.

The oldest known jewelry in the world consists of two perforated beads made from sea snail shells. These beads were found in Skul, Israel. Also, these have recently been dated to 1,00,000 to 1,35,000 years ago.

34. What is meant by Carnelian?

'Carnelian' is a type of a precious stone. In Tamil Nadu, these stones were used to make ornaments such as beads, rings, etc., during the Sangam period.

35. Mention the types of Glass beads.

(i) Grobo beads

(ii) Agoso beads

(iii) Meteyi beads

(iv) Adeyun beads

(v) Ketta Avusi beads

(vi) Kifa beads

36. How is terracotta beads manufactured?

Clay (or) silt and water are added to make a beautiful figure. Then, it is put in a kiln at suitable temperature and later the shape is hardened. Using this method, red, saffron and orange oral flint objects, tiles, bricks, flowerpots and beads were made.

37. What is meant by Archaeology? or What is Archaeology evidences? Give examples.

Archaeology is the study and interpretation of human history through its physical remains and material and culture. Houses, cities, food, clothing and even human remains are carefully studied to learn more about the past humans.

38. Who is called the father of Archaeology?

Alexander Cunningham is called as the Father of Indian Archaeology.

39. What are the purposes of Archaeology?

i) Documenting and explaining the origin and development of prehistoric and historic human culture.

ii) Understanding cultural history.

iii) Sequencing the cultural process of development period.

iv) The study of human behaviour.

v) Similar objects have been found in other areas and through them they can predict the lifestyle of the people who used them and determine the period.

40. Reveal archaeological evidences which help us know the history of Tamils.

Archaeological City

(i) Poombuhar (ii) Adhichanallur (iii) Kodumanal (iv) Arikamedu (v) Keezhadi (vi) Sivakalai (vii) Porunai (viii) Porunthal (ix) Korkai

Archaeological Materials

(i) Black-Red pot shell (ii) Stone beads (iii) Glass beads (iv) Karneelian beads (v) Coins (vi) Flint beads (vii) Hero stones.

41. What is the important functions of Archaeology?

Archaeology or archaeological evidences are the physical remains and artefacts left behind by the people who lived au in the past. It is the main way of studying people who lived before humans started keeping written records. It also helps to provide more illuminating information on periods for which historical records exist.

42. Write any four types of gem stones found in Silapathikaram.

(i) Diamond (ii) Komethagam (iii) Ruby (iv) Emerald (v) Vaidurium

43. What are the symbols on the coins of Pandya Period?

In the front part, there is a horse standing to left, under whose are tortoises in two tanks. There is a fish in the background. The name Peruvazhuthi is inscribed in the form of a Tamil- Brahmi line.

Anna University Part A Two Marks Important Questions

1. What is meant by Archaeology?

2. Write any four types of gem stones found in Silapathikaram.

3. Write any two names of temples built in pandya period.

4. Who is s 'Neekan'?

5. Explain about coins of ancient age.

6. Reveal archaeological evidences which help us know the history of Tamils.

7. What is the use of Sukkan in shipping?

8. Who is Puzhiyar?

9. Who are called as Vannakkan?

10. What is Archaeological Evidences? Give example.

11. Who is Vannakkan?

12. What is Thamizhi?

13. Define the meaning of 'Smith'.

14. What are the symbols on the coins of Pandya Period?