Addressing Modes

Addressing Modes

• Part of the programming flexibility for each processor is the number and different kind of ways the programmer can refer to data stored in the memory or I/O device. The different ways that a processor can access data are referred to as addressing schemes or addressing modes.

• An address computed by the processor when executing a memory access or branch instruction or when fetching the next sequential instruction is known as Effective Address (EA). An effective address can be made up from as many as three elements: The base, index and displacement.

• An addressing mode specifies how to calculate the effective of an operand by using elements of effective information held in registers and / or constants contained within a machine instruction or elsewhere.

Types of addressing modes are:

1. Register addressing mode.

2. Absolute or direct addressing mode.

3. Immediate addressing mode.

4. Indirect addressing mode.

5. Register indirect addressing mode.

6. Displacement addressing mode.

7. Relative addressing mode.

8. Base register addressing.

9. Index addressing mode.

10. Auto‒increment addressing mode.

11. Auto‒decrement addressing mode.

12. Stack addressing mode.

1. Register addressing mode: The operand is the contents of processor register. The name of register is specified in the instruction.

■ Example : MOV R2, R1: This instruction copies the contents of register R2 to register R1:

2. Absolute or direct addressing mode: The address of the location of the operand is given explicitly as a part of the instruction.

■ Example: MOV 2000, A: This instruction copies the contents of memory location 2000 into the A register. As shown in the instruction, here, address of operand is given explicitly in the instruction.

3. Immediate addressing mode: The operand is given explicitly in the instruction.

■ Example: MOV # 20, A: This instruction copies operand 20 in the register A. The sign # in front of the value of an operand is used to indicate that this value is an immediate operand.

4. Indirect addressing mode: In this addressing mode, the instruction contains the address of memory which refers the address of the operand.

5. Register indirect addressing mode: The effective address of the operand is the contents of a register or the main memory location whose address is given explicitly in the instruction.

■ Example : MOV (R0), A This instruction copies the contents of memory addressed by the contents of register R0 into the register A.

6. Displacement addressing mode: This addressing mode combines the capabilities of direct addressing and register indirect addressing. In this addressing mode, instruction has two address fields: Value and referenced register. The effective address is computed by adding contents of referenced register to value.

EA = Value + (R).

Three common variation of displacement addressing are:

 ■ Relative addressing

 ■ Base register addressing

 ■ Index addressing.

7. Relative addressing mode: Here, the referenced register is Program Counter (PC) and hence this addressing mode is also known as PC‒relative addressing.

The effective address is determined by adding the contents of PC to the address field.

EA = PC + Address part of instruction.

The address part is a signed number so that it is possible to have branch target location either before or after the branch instruction. This addressing mode is commonly used to specify the target address in branch instructions.

■ Example: JNZ BACK: This instruction causes program execution to go to the branch target location identified by the name BACK, if the branch condition is satisfied.

8. Base register addressing: In this addressing mode, the referenced register contains the main memory address and address field contains the displacement. Displacement is usually unsigned integer number. EA = (R) + Displacement.

■ Example: MOV [R+8], A: This instruction copies the contents of memory whose address is determined by adding the contents of register R and displacement 8 to the register A.

9. Index addressing mode: In this addressing mode, the address field references the main memory and the referenced register contains a positive displacement from that address.

EA = Memory address + (R).

The indexing is a technique that allows programmer to point or refer the data (operand) stored in sequential memory locations one by one. It is an efficient mechanism for performing iterative operations.

■ Example: MOV [R1+ RI], R: In this instruction main memory address is given by register R1 and the referenced register RI gives the positive displacement. The contents of the memory address generated by the addition of main memory address and displacement is copied to register R.

10. Autoincrement addressing mode: The effective address of the operand is the contents of a register specified in the instruction. After accessing the operand, the contents of this register are incremented to address the next location.

■ Example: MOV RO, (R2)+: The above instruction copies the contents of register RO into the memory location' whose address is specified by the contents of register R2. After copy operation, the contents of register R2 are automatically incremented by 1.

11. Autodecrement addressing mode: The contents of a register specified in the instruction are decremented and then they are used as an effective address to access a memory location.

■ Example: MOV (RO), R1: This instruction, initially decrements the contents of register R0 and then the decremented contents of register R0 are used to address the memory location. Finally, the contents from the addressed memory location are copied into the register R1.

12. Stack addressing mode: A stack is linear array of reserved memory locations. It is associated with a pointer called Stack Pointer (SP).

In stack addressing mode, stack pointer always contains the address of Top Of Stack (TOS) where the operand is to be stored or located. Thus, the address of the operand (source or destination) is the contents of stack pointer.

This addressing mode is the special case of register indirect addressing where referenced register is a stack pointer.

Usually, stack grows in the direction of descending addresses, (descending stack), starting from a high address and progressing to lower one. In this stack, SP is decremented before any items are appended (pushed) on stack and SP is incremented after any items popped from the stack.

■ Example: PUSH R: This instruction decrements SP and copies the contents of register R on to the top of stack pointed by stack pointer.

MIPS Addressing Modes

The MIPS addressing modes are as follows:

1. Immediate addressing: In this addressing mode, the operand is a constant within the instruction itself.

Example: lui $s0, 61   // Loads decimal 61 in upper 16 bits register $s0

2. Register addressing: In this addressing mode, the operand is a register

Example: add $t1,$s0, $s1  // Adds contents of $s0 and $s1 and store result in St1.

3. Base or displacement addressing: In this addressing mode, the operand is at the memory location whose address is the sum of a register and a constant in the instruction.

Example: lw $t1, 4 ($t2) // where $t1 = rs,$t2 = base (memory address),

4 = offset value

Thus; $t1 = Memory [$t2 + 4]

4. PC‒relative addressing: In this addressing mode, the branch address is the sum of the dent PC and a constant in the instruction.

 Example: beq $0,$3,Label

5. Pseudodirect addressing: In this addressing mode, the jump address is the 26 bits of the instruction concatenated with the upper bits of the PC. Address in Pseudo‒Direct must be a multiple of four.

Example: j label  // go to location label.

Review Questions

1. What is the information conveyed by addressing modes?

2. Define addressing mode. Classify addressing modes and explain each type with examples.

3. Differentiate direct and indirect addressing mode.

4. Distinguish between autoincrement and autodecrement addressing mode.

5. Define addressing mode and explain the basic addressing modes with an example for each.

6. What are addressing modes? Explain the various addressing modes with examples.

7. Define addressing mode in a computer. What are the different MIPS addressing modes ? Give one example instruction to each category.

8. What do you mean by addressing modes? Explain the types of addressing modes that exists in modern processors ?

9. What is the need for addressing in a computer system? Explain the different addressing modes with suitable examples.

10. Elaborate the different types of addressing modes with a suitable example.

11. Explain direct, immediate, relative and indexed addressing modes with examples.